Training of young researchers and support for independence: The following 3-stage systems are enforced: a conventional post-doctoral fellow system; “Track A�E(tenure track that secures complete independence in research and is promoted to a tenure position of associate professor based on rigorous evaluation after 3 or 5 years); and “Track B�E(intermediate positions between post-doctoral fellows and Track A similar to research associates in US). Promotion from Track B to Track A is also based on rigorous evaluation. Candidates are recruited by international public advertisement or recommendation by others and subjected to rigorous selection based on their research proposals and past achievements. By attracting outstanding young researchers and students with such systems, the aim is to raise world-leading scientists capable of explore new frontiers in life sciences in the future.